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MCAS citations

  1. Akin C, Gülen T, Castells M C, Elberink H O, Valent P. Diagnosis and management of patients with mast cell activation syndromes: status 2026. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice (2025). Accessed 27 Nov 2025.
  2. Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA). Position Paper – Diagnosis and Investigation of Mast Cell Activation Disorders and Syndrome. Accessed 15 December 2024.
  3. Annals of Gastroenterology: Volume 32, 2019. The role of mast cells in pediatric gastrointestinal disease. Accessed 2 May 2025.
  4. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice: Volume 7, 2019. Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for Patients with Suspected Mast Cell Activation Syndrome. Accessed 15 January 2025.
  5. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice: Volume 10, 2022. Global Classification of Mast Cell Activation Disorders: An ICD-10-CM–Adjusted Proposal of the ECNM-AIM Consortium. Accessed 15 January 2025.
  6. Castells M, Valent P, Carter M, Akin C, et al. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Volume 154, 2024. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: Current Understanding and Research Needs. Accessed: 30 November 2025.
  7. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology: Volume 183, 2022. Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2022. Accessed 23 January 2025.
  8. Gülen T. A puzzling mast cell trilogy: Anaphylaxis, MCAS, and mastocytosis. Diagnostics. 2023;13(21):3307. Accessed 31 July 2025.
  9. Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center. Mast cell activation syndrome. Accessed 15 December 2024.
  10. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice: Volume 10, Issue 8, August 2022. Personalized Management Strategies in Mast Cell Disorders: ECNM-AIM User’s Guide for Daily Clinical Practice. Accessed 8 May 2025.
  11. Valent P, Akin C, Hartmann K, et al. Updated Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Mast Cell Disorders: A Consensus Proposal. Hemasphere. 2021 Oct 13;5(11):e646. Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  12. Weiler C R, Austen K F, Akin C, Barkoff M S, Bernstein J A, Bonadonna P, et al. AAAAI Mast Cell Disorders Committee Work Group Report: mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) diagnosis and management. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019; 144: 883-96. Accessed 30 Nov 2025. Available from: (K)
  13. Pathology Tests Explained. Tests / Tryptase. Accessed 29 Oct 2025.
  14. Chollet MB, Akin C. Hereditary alpha tryptasemia is not associated with specific clinical phenotypes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2022 Feb;149(2):728–735.e2. Accessed 31 July 2025.
  15. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI). Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS). Accessed 30 Nov 2025.
  16. Afrin L, Ackerley M, et al. Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global “consensus-2”” Diagnosis, vol. 8, no. 2, 2021, pp. 137-152. Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  17. Akin C, Valent P, Metcalfe DD. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome: Proposed Diagnostic Criteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6):1099-104.e4. Accessed 1 May 2025.
  18. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America: Volume 43, Issue 4, 2023. Effect of Gender and Special Considerations for Women in Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis. Accessed 3 May 2025.
  19. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Volume 155, 2025. Scroll, Like, Diagnose? Evaluating MCAS Information on TikTok. Accessed 1 May 2025.
  20. Nature Reviews Disease Primers: Volume 11, 2025. Mastocytosis. Accessed 3 May 2025.
  21. Gülen T, Akin C, Bonadonna P, Siebenhaar F, et al. Selecting the Right Criteria and Proper Classification to Diagnose Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: A Critical Review. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(11):3918-3928. Accessed 1 May 2025.
  22. Environmental Sciences Europe: Volume 33, Article number: 129, 2021. Mast cell activation may explain many cases of chemical intolerance.
  23. Practical Gastroenterology: June 2020. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome – What It Is and Isn’t. Accessed 2 May 2025.
  24. Slee V M, Cunningham M, Jennings S. The Mastocytosis Society, Inc. Pediatric Mast Cell Disorders: Facts in Brief. Accessed 30 Nov 2025.
  25. Cancers (Basel). Review and Updates on Systemic Mastocytosis and Related Entities. 2023 Nov. Accessed 30 Nov 2025.
  26. Castells M, Butterfield J. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome and Mastocytosis: Initial Treatment Options and Long-Term Management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 Apr;7(4):1097-1106. Accessed 30 Nov 2025.
  27. Hartmann K, Tanasi I, Boggs N A. Mast Cell Disorders and Hymenoptera Venom-Triggered Anaphylaxis: Evaluation and Management. 2025 Jan. Accessed 27 October 2025.
  28. SantaBarbara JN, Carroll J, Lobel M. Coping, social support, and anxiety in people with Mast Cell Disorders. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127(4):435-440. Accessed on 8 May 2025.
  29. NPS Medicinewise. Medicine and Side Effects. Accessed on 8 May 2025.
  30. Morelle, C., Fagnard, M., & El Abd, K. (2024). Mast Cell Activation Syndrome in Children: A Nuanced Approach to Diagnosis and Patient Care: A Narrative Review Illustrated by Two Case Reports. Belgian Journal of Paediatrics, 26(4), 283–286. Accessed 2 May 2025.
  31. Allergy Aware. Best practice guidelines for anaphylaxis prevention and management in children’s education and care. Accessed 20 May 2025.
  32. International Journal of Play Therapy, 2022, Vol. 31, No. 3, 174–183. Child-Centered Play Therapy and Chronic Illness With Outcome Data: A Retrospective Case Study. Accessed on 8 May 2025.
  33. Thomas, S., White, V., Ryan, N., & Byrne, L. (2021). Effectiveness of play therapy in enhancing psychosocial outcomes in children with chronic illness: A systematic review. Pediatric Nursing, 47(6), 301–308. Accessed on 8 May 2025.
  34. Giannetti A, Filice E, Caffarelli C, Ricci G, Pession A. Mast Cell Activation Disorders. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Jan 30;57(2):124. Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  35. Mihele D M, Nistor P A, Bruma G, et al. Mast Cell Activation Syndrome Update-A Dermatological Perspective. J Pers Med. 2023 Jul 10;13(7):1116. Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  36. Siebenhaar F, Buttgereit T, et al. Autoimmunity and Clinical Immunology DOI: 10.1111/all.15304. Idiopathic mast cell activation syndrome is more often suspected than diagnosed—A prospective real-life study. Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  37. Lee E, Picard M. Diagnosis and management of mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) in Canada: a practical approach. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 21, 49 (2025). Accessed 29 Nov 2025.
  38. Ballul T, Sabato V, Valent P. eClinicalMedicine Volume 80, February 2025, 103043. Characterization of patients with clonal mast cells in the bone marrow with clinical significance not otherwise specified. Accessed 9 Dec 2025.
  39. Carter MC, Lange M, Alvarez-Twose I, Renke J, Morales-Cabeza C, Caligaris H, Hartmann K. Management of mastocytosis and mast cell activation in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2025; S2213-2198(25)01115-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2025.11.016. Accessed 12 Dec 2025.

Disclaimer

Last updated: 12 December 2025

Please note that this information is provided for general educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice, nor should it be used in place of consultation with a qualified health professional. While care has been taken to reflect current information based on reputable scientific source material at the time of writing, and TAMS will continue to update information periodically, omissions or inconsistencies may occur as scientific knowledge evolves.